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Third Council of Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council〔''Continuity and Change in Creed and Confessions'', ''Credo: Historical and Theological Guide to Creeds and Confessions of Faith'', ed. Jaroslav Pelikan (Yale University Press, 2013), 15.〕 by the Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church and other Christian groups, met in 680/681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills (divine and human).〔 George Ostrogorsky, ''History of the Byzantine State'' (Rutgers University Press, 1995), 127.〕
==Background==
(詳細はHeraclius (610–641) and Constans II (641–668). Heraclius had set out to recover much of the part of his Empire lost to the Persians and had attempted to bridge the controversy with Monophysitism, which was particularly strong in Syria and Egypt, by proposing a moderate theological position that had as good support in the tradition as any other. The result was first monoenergism, i.e. that Christ, though existing in two natures, had one energy (divine and human), the second was monothelitism, i.e. that Christ had one will (that is, that there was no opposition in Christ between his human and divine volition). This doctrine was accepted in most of the Byzantine world, but was opposed at Jerusalem and at Rome and started a controversy that persisted even after the loss of the reconquered provinces and the death of Heraclius. When Heraclius' grandson Constans II took the throne, he saw the controversy as threatening the stability of the Empire and attempted to silence discussion, by outlawing speaking either in favour or against the doctrine.〔''The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon'', Volume 1, transl. Richard Price and Michael Gaddis (Liverpool University Press, 2005), 55.〕 Pope Martin I and the monk Maximus, the foremost opponents of monothelitism (which they interpreted as denying a human faculty of will to Christ), held a synod in Rome in 649 that condemned monoenergism and monothelitism.〔Joseph N. Tylenda, ''Saints and Feasts of the Liturgical Year'' (Georgetown University Press, 2003), 60.〕 Subsequently, they supported abortive attempts by usurpers to seize power, out of a belief that only a new and orthodox emperor would win divine protection for the empire against its enemies. At Constantinople, however, this was regarded as high treason, and Martin and Maximus were accordingly arrested, tried, condemned and sent into exile, where the Pope soon died.〔A. Edward Siecienski, ''The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy'' (Oxford University Press, 2010), 74.〕
After Constans' son and successor, Constantine IV had overcome the Muslim siege of Constantinople in 678, he immediately set his sights on restoring communion with Rome: he wrote to Pope Donus suggesting a conference on the matter. When the letter reached Rome, Donus had died, but his successor, Pope Agatho, agreed to the Emperor's suggestion and ordered councils held throughout the West so that legates could present the tradition of the Western Church. Then he sent a delegation to meet the Easterners at Constantinople.〔Joseph Brusher, S.J., (''Popes Through the Ages'' ).〕 In the meantime, Constantine summoned Patriarch George I of Constantinople and all bishops of his jurisdiction of Constantinople to a council. He also summoned Patriarch Macarius of Antioch, a Byzantine appointee permanently resident in Constantinople because of the Muslim occupation of his see.
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